Ata-cn-¡³ A¡m-Z-an Hm^v ]oUn-bm-{SnIvkv \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶Xv cWvSp hb-Ên Xmsg-bpÅ Ip«n-Isf sSen-hn-j³ ImWn-¡-cp-sX¶pw cWvS-­vp-h-b-Ên\v aosX-bpÅ sIm¨p-Ip-«n-Isf Znhkw cWvSp aWn-¡q-dn IqSp-X ImWn-¡-cp-sX-¶p-am-Wv. 1999þ Zriy-am-[y-a-§-fpsS Ip«n-I-fnse kzm[o-\-s¯-]än XpS-§nb Kth-jWw C¶pw DuÀÖn-X-ambn XpS-cp-¶p.

 kn\n-a-bn \n¶pw an\n-kv{Io-\n-te¡pw an\n-kv{Io-\n \n¶v kvamÀ«v t^mWn-te¡pw Zriy-temIw hgn-am-dn-b-t¸mÄ {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä IqSp-X A\p-`-hn-t¡-WvS-­vn-hcp-¶Xv ]n©p-Ip-ªp-§fpw Iuam-c- {]mb¡m-cp-am-Wv. Snhn-bnepw kvamÀ«v t^mWnepw I®pw \«n-cn-¡p-¶- Ip«n X\n¡p Npäp-apÅ a\p-jycpw Poh-Pm-e-§fpw {]Ir-XnbpaS-§p¶ sshhn-²y-amÀ¶ PohnXm\p-`-h-§fpw imcocnI hymbm-a-§fpw Hgn-hm-¡p-Ibpw kv{Io³ aoUn-bnse ImgvN-¡m-cmbn Npcp-§p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. CXv kmaq-ly imco-cnI sshIm-cnI hfÀ¨bnepw hyàn _Ô-§-fn-ep-ap-WvSm-¡p¶ tZmj-^-e-§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bm-sW¶mWv Kth-j-W-§Ä hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xv.

      Fgp-]-Xp-I-fn cWvS-­vp-h-b-Êp-hsc Ip«n-IÄ hfsc hnc-fambn sSen-hn-j³ IWvS-­vn-cp-¶p-Åq. F¶m C¶v Ip«n¡v cWvSv hb-Êm-hp-t¼m-tg¡pw sSen-hn-j\pw kvamÀ«v t^mWpw {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-hm\pw 40 iX-am-\-t¯mfw Ip«n-IÄ¡v Nm\ amäp-hm\pw 7 iX-am-\-¯n\v UnhnUn t¹b-dn knUn CSp-hm\pw Adn-bmw. Ip«n-I-fnse Cu Ign-hn amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä¡v henb A`n-am-\-am-Wv. kv{Io³ aoUn-b-bpsS Bkàn Ip«n-I-fn hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xns\ ]än amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä¡v henb BImw£ CÃm-¯-Xnsâ ImcW§Ä ]e-Xm-Wv: ho«n-\-I¯n-cp¶v  CâÀs\äv Zriy-§Ä ImWp¶ Ip«n-IÄ kpc-£n-X-cm-Wv. Ip«n-I-fpsS Ipkr-Xn-bpw iey-s¸-Sp-¯epw Ipd-bpw. kvIqfn t]mIp-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v F®p-hm\pw ]mSp-hm\pw t]cp-IÄ ]Tn-¡p-hm\pw ImÀ«q-Wp-IÄ klm-b-I-am-Wv. Ip«n-IÄ ]c-kv]cw XÃp-]n-Sn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-hm\pw Aan-tXm-Õm-ln-I-fmb Ip«n-Isf AS-¡n-bn-cp-¯p-hm\pw hoUntbm klm-bn-¡p-¶p. \à A¨-S-¡-¯n\pw s]cp-am-ä-¯n-\p-apÅ t{]mÕm-l-\-ambn hoUn-tbm-Kbnw Ip«n-IÄ¡v sImSp-¡m-dp-apWvS-­v. A§s\ kv{Io\nsâ hnkva-b-tem-I¯v Ipän-b-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Ip«n-I-sf-]-än- am-Xm-]n-Xm-¡Ä¡pÅ Bizm-k-§Ä ]¯pw ]e-Xp-am-Wv.

CXnsâ adp-]p-dhpw amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww. Ip«n-IÄ¡v thWvSn-bpÅ FUyp-t¡-j-W hoUn-tbm- \nÀ½mWw aÄ«n aney¬ tUmfÀ hyh-km-b-am-Wv. Cu hnUn-tbm-I-fpsS kwhn-[m-b-IÀ Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶ at\m-hn-Im-k-§-fn A[n-Ihpw kzm`m-hnI hfÀ¨-bn-eqsS Ip«n-IÄ¡v e`n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. IWvSpw tI«pw {]Xn-I-cn¨pw Npäp-ap-Å-h-tcm-SnS-s]«pw Ip«n¡p e`n-¡p¶ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä¡pw DÄ¡m-gvN-IÄ¡pw ]I-c-am-hnà kv{Io³ aoUn-b-bnse C³Ìâv hn`-h-§Ä

Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°y-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-hm³, {]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-¡p-hm³, {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ t\cn-Sp-hm³, kmaqly CS-s]-S-ep-I-fnse s]cp-amä coXn a\-Ên-emhm³, Ip«n apdn-hn«v Pohn-X-¯n-te-¡n-d-§Ww. amXm-]n-Xm-¡fpw ktlm-Z-c-§-fp-am-bpÅ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS Ip«n¡v e`n-¡p¶ aqey {]t_m-[\w hnÀNz aoUn-b¡v \ÂIm-\m-hptam F¶mWv Nn´n-t¡-WvS-Xv.

      Ip«n-bpsS hfÀ¨-bpsS BZys¯ aq¶v hÀj§-fn Ipªp akvXn-jvI-¯nsâ hfÀ¨ Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-em-Wv. _mly-tem-I-hp-am-bpÅ sshhn-²y-amÀ¶ Ip«n-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ kncm-X-´p-¡-fpsS hfÀ¨¡v klm-b-I-am-Wv. CXv `mhn-bnse Ah-t_m[ Ign-hp-Isf (cognitive skills) kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LS-I-amWv. an\n-kv{Io-\n I®pw \«n-cn-¡p¶ Ip«n¡v a\p-jycpw, Poh-Pm-e-§fpw, {]Ir-Xn-bp-sams¡ A{]n-b -{]-ta-b-§-fmbn amdp¶p. ]e ImÀ«q-Wp-Ifpw Ip«n-Isf BLÀjn-¡p-hm\pw AUn-Ivj\p-WvSm-Ip-hm\papÅ I¨-h-S -a-t\m-`m-h-t¯msS B£³ {XnÃ-dmbn cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-h-bm-Wv. a\p-jy-\nse NXn, sIWn, ]cn-lm-kw, A[o-iXz at\m-`mhw XpS-§nb ZpjvS-a-t\m-`m-h-§Ä ]mhw arK-§-fn-eqsS {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ sIm¨p Nn´-I-fnepw at\m-`m-h-§-fnepw hnjw tNÀ¡-s¸-Sp-Ibm-Wv. _en-bm-Sm-¡-s¸« ]mhw Ipdp-¡-\n \n¶mWv Iui-e-¯nsâ _me ]mTw ]Tn-¡p-¶Xv.

      hnUn-tbm-Ifpw kvamÀ«v t^mWp-Ifpw Ce-t{Sm-Wn t__n-kn-tägvkv Bbn amdn-bn-«pWvSv. Ch-bpsS AanX D]-tbmKw hyànXz hnIm-k-t¯bpw ]Z-k-¼-¯n -(Vocabulary) t\bpw Bßob, kmaqly, [mc-W-IÄ hfÀ¯nsbSp-¡p-¶-Xn-s\bpw F{X am{Xw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-¡p¶p F¶v ]Tn-t¡-WvS-XpWvSv. Bß-lÀj-ap-WÀ¯p¶ sshhn-²ym-\p-`-h-§-fpsS temI¯v \n¶pÅ ]n·mäw Hcp sNdnb Imcy-a-Ã, AXpw hyànXz hnIm-k-§-fpsS BZyL«-§-fnÂ.

amXm-]n-Xm-¡fpw ktlm-Z-c-§fpw BbpÅ CS-s]-S-en-eqsS Ip«n ]Tn-¡p¶ aqey-§Ä, amÀ¤-\nÀt±-i-§Ä, icn-sX-äp-I-fpsS AXnÀ hc-¼p-IÄ, XpS-§n-bh an\n-kv{Io-\n\v \ÂIm-\m-hn-Ã. IpSpw-_-_-Ô-§-fn \n¶v thÀs]«v sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsS kulr-Z-tem-I-t¯¡v ]d-¡p¶ Ip«n¡v \jvS-am-hp-¶Xv ]¨-bmb PohnX A\p-`-h-§fpw, Bß-_-Ô-§-fpsS Dujva-f-Xbpw, DÅhpw DÅXpw ]¦n-Sepw Hs¡-bm-Wv.